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+# Design Document: MicroBadge
+
+## Overview
+
+**MicroBadge** is an interactive embedded application built for the BBC
+micro:bit v2. It is written in **Rust** using the **Embassy** async embedded
+runtime. The project functions as a **conference name badge** that acts as a
+professional and technical icebreaker at events.
+
+The application framework includes:
+* A **menu system** for switching between apps.
+* A **name scroller** for displaying your name or custom message.
+* A **Snake game** for fun and interactivity.
+* A **NFC business card** app for sharing contact info. **Still in progress**
+
+## Goals
+
+* Provide a custom and memorable name badge experience.
+* Showcase embedded Rust development using async and no-std.
+* Enable fun interactions and sharing via NFC.
+* Serve as a technical portfolio piece for conferences, meetings, and
+  interviews.
+
+## Architecture
+
+### 1. Core Framework
+
+* Built on **Embassy** for asynchronous concurrency.
+* Uses hardware abstraction layers (HALs) for GPIO, timers, display, and
+  buttons.
+* Implements a lightweight app-switcher system with a menu UI.
+
+### 2. Applications
+
+#### Name Scroller
+* Scrolls a name or message across the LED matrix.
+* Configurable for speed and repeat mode.
+* Useful for identifying the wearer at a glance.
+
+#### Snake Game
+* Classic Snake game rendered on the 5x5 LED display.
+* Uses `Button A` and `Button B` for turning.
+* Includes food spawning, score tracking, and difficulty selection.
+* Uses PWM for different intensity led lights.
+
+#### NFC Business Card (WIP)
+* Leverages the onboard NFC peripheral.
+* Intends to share vCard/contact data over NFC.
+* Targeted at mobile phones for quick transfer of contact info
+
+## User Interaction
+
+* Navigation is handled via micro:bit's `Button A`, `Button B`, and long-press `Start` gesture
+* LED matrix provides visual feedback for game states and menu navigation
+* Apps are selected from a simple menu UI
+* Snake game is tuned to a slower speed (~4Hz) for usability
+
+## Development Environment
+
+* Written entirely in **Rust**, `#![no_std]`
+* Uses **Embassy** for async device access and task scheduling
+* Debugging output via `defmt`
+* Built and flashed using `probe-rs` and `cargo-embed`
+
+## Future Improvements
+
+* Finalize NFC vCard transmission
+* Add configuration storage via flash memory
+* Create a desktop companion app for editing settings
+* Support BLE for data sync or configuration
+
+## Summary
+
+MicroBadge combines a fun hardware platform with modern Rust development.
+It serves not only as a name badge but also as a way to demonstrate embedded
+skills, share contact info, and invite technical discussion at events.
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+# MicroBadge Software Design Document
+
+## 1. Introduction
+
+### 1.1 Purpose
+
+MicroBadge is a software application suite for the BBC micro:bit v2, designed
+as a digital conference badge. It serves both functional and social purposes;
+displaying the user’s name, hosting small interactive demos, and offering
+contact sharing via NFC.
+
+This project serves as a conversation starter and technical showcase during
+events like conferences, meetings, and interviews.
+
+### 1.2 Scope
+
+This document focuses exclusively on the software implementation of MicroBadge.
+It covers the architecture, data structures, behavior, and design choices used
+to implement the badge’s app-switching system and core applications using Rust
+and the `embassy` async runtime.
+
+### 1.3 Audience
+
+This document is intended for:
+* Reviewers evaluating its design.
+* Recruiters or interviewers reviewing technical work.
+* Anyone trying to learn how to write Rust on an embedded platform.
+
+## 2. System Overview
+
+MicroBadge is an embedded application for the micro:bit v2. It uses the
+Embassy async runtime to manage multiple cooperative tasks without a
+traditional RTOS. The system is modular and consists of an app switcher,
+an LED display task, button listeners, and multiple interactive apps.
+
+### 2.1 Runtime and Concurrency
+
+MicroBadge uses Embassy's async executor. It runs the following tasks:
+
+* `display_task` -- Consumes frame buffers and drives the LED matrix.
+* `button_listener` -- One per button (A, B, Start). Waits for input and
+  debounces it before sending an event.
+* `app_task` -- Runs the currently selected app. Allows apps to yield and
+  re-enter on each loop.
+
+All communication is channel-based using `embassy_sync::channel::Channel`.
+
+[Task UML][./uml/tasks.png]
+
+### 2.2 App Switcher
+
+The `Switcher` manages app selection and transition. It displays a menu and
+uses the A, B, and Start buttons to navigate between apps.
+
+Each app implements a shared `App` trait with an async `run()` method.
+Apps are isolated and run cooperatively, returning control when done.
+
+Current apps:
+
+* *Menu*. The top-level app that allows selecting from installed apps.
+* *Badge*. Scrolls a string (e.g. your name) across the LED matrix.
+* *Snake*. A basic snake game with food, direction control, and score.
+* *NFC Card* (in development). Will present contact info via NFC.
+
+[Switcher UML][./uml/switcher.png]
+
+### 2.3 Input System
+
+Each button is handled by a separate `button_listener` task. When a button
+is pressed, it sends a `Button` enum into a shared channel.
+
+Apps listen for button input using the receiver end of the channel.
+
+* A and B buttons are mapped to actions like turn left and right.
+* Start is used to confirm or start an app. It is mapped to the capacitive touch sensor logo. 
+* A debounce delay of 100 ms is used for stability.
+
+### 2.4 Rendering System
+
+The rendering system uses a frame buffer that is written by the active app
+and read by the `display_task`.
+
+Apps write into this buffer using a `Renderer` abstraction. Drawing is done
+in an offscreen buffer that is later pushed to the display.
+
+* The screen is a 5x5 LED grid.
+* Per-frame updates allow for animations and dynamic content.
+* LED brightness levels are supported.
+
+### 2.5 Code Organization
+
+The system is split into modules for clarity and reuse:
+
+* `app`. Defines the `App` trait and shared app interface.
+* `display`. Low-level display driver and LED control.
+* `renderer`. Provides drawing primitives for apps.
+* `channel`. Shared async channels for button and frame messages.
+* `switcher`. App selection logic and switching behavior.
+* `snake`, `menu`, `badge`. App implementations.
+* `microbit`. Definitions for button identifiers and device pins.
+
+Each module is self-contained and uses only the shared channels and traits
+for interaction.
+
+## 3. Application Features
+
+### 3.1 Name Scroller
+
+* Scrolls a configured name across the LED display.
+* Uses an async timer to advance frames.
+* Simple input handling: Any Button returns to the menu.
+
+### 3.2 Snake Game
+
+* 5x5 LED grid snake game using a wrapped grid (`WrappedU8<0, 4>`).
+* Buttons A and B turn the snake left/right.
+* Food spawns randomly in empty grid cells.
+* On collision with self, enters game-over state and displays score.
+
+### 3.3 NFC Business Card (WIP)
+
+* Intended to broadcast a vCard or custom URI over NFC.
+* Plan to use the BLE softdevice on the chip.
+* Currently under development.
+
+## 4. System Architecture
+
+This system uses Embassy's async runtime to coordinate application execution,
+hardware input, and rendering on the micro:bit v2 board. It is divided into
+distinct tasks: input listeners, a display task, and an app task.
+
+The overall architecture is message-passing oriented. Input events and screen
+updates are communicated over embassy channels.
+
+Application logic is encapsulated in independent modules conforming to a shared
+`App` trait. The Switcher manages the active app and transitions between them.
+
+### 4.1 Components
+
+* `main.rs`: Entry point. Spawns system tasks using Embassy.
+* `Display`: Renders 5x5 LED frames from a channel receiver using PWM.
+* `ButtonListener`: Listens for button presses and sends events via channel.
+* `Switcher`: Manages app lifecycle and transitions.
+* `App`: Trait for any runnable application module.
+* `menu`, `badge`, `snake`, `nfc`: App implementations.
+
+## 5. Data Structures and State
+
+### 5.1 Position, Direction, and Snake Body
+
+The board is a fixed 5×5 grid. Positions are stored using a custom `Position`
+struct, which holds a `ClampedU8` for both `x` and `y` axes, ensuring values
+remain within bounds.
+
+* `Position`: Represents a coordinate on the board with safe bounds.
+* `Direction`: Enum for movement direction: Up, Down, Left, Right.
+* `Snake`: Maintains a list of `Position` elements representing the snake's
+  body. The first item is always the head.
+
+Snake direction is updated via input, and movement wraps to stay within the
+board.
+
+### 5.2 Message-Passing and Input State
+
+User input is handled asynchronously via Embassy channels.
+
+* Button presses are detected using `button_listener` tasks.
+* Events are sent to the `ButtonChannel`.
+* Applications read input non-blockingly using `try_receive()`.
+
+This decouples physical input handling from application logic and allows clean,
+testable state transitions.
+
+## 6. Component Interactions
+
+### 6.1 How Components Interact Over Time
+
+At runtime, three core tasks are running:
+
+* `display_task`: Receives rendered frames and presents them on the display.
+* `button_listener`: Spawns three tasks, one per button (A, B, Start).
+* `app_task`: Owns the app switcher and runs the current app.
+
+All interactions are asynchronous and use message-passing over embassy channels.
+
+### 6.2 Flow of Control
+
+1. User presses a button.
+2. The button task sends a message to the channel.
+3. The app reads the button event from the channel.
+4. The app updates internal state (e.g., direction or selection).
+5. The app prepares a frame and sends it to the frame channel.
+6. The display task renders the frame.
+
+This loop repeats, giving a responsive, concurrent embedded UI.
+
+## 7. Development Environment
+
+### 7.1 Rust + Embassy
+
+This project uses Rust with the `embassy` async runtime. It provides
+interrupt-driven, non-blocking execution suitable for low-power embedded
+devices.
+
+### 7.2 Tools
+
+* `probe-rs`: For flashing and debugging firmware.
+* `defmt`: Lightweight logging for embedded targets.
+* `panic-probe`: Panic handler integrated with defmt output.
+* `cargo-embed`: For development workflow and flashing.
+
+Development was done on Linux using vim and CLI tooling.
+
+## 8. Design Decisions
+
+### 8.1 Why Embassy
+
+Embassy was chosen for its async-first architecture, which maps well to
+reactive, event-driven embedded applications like games and UI. It allows
+multiple concurrent tasks without needing an RTOS or blocking code.
+
+### 8.2 Fixed Board Size
+
+The micro:bit's 5×5 LED matrix is inherently fixed. Game logic and rendering
+are simplified by using a constant-size grid, avoiding the need for dynamic
+allocation or scaling logic.
+
+### 8.3 Data Wrapping and Clamping
+
+Out-of-bounds positions are prevented using custom `ClampedU8` types. These
+provide safe arithmetic that prevents overflow and keeps all positions within
+0–4 inclusive. This reduces bugs and runtime checks in critical loops.
+
+## 9. Future Work
+
+### 9.1 NFC Business Card App
+
+An in-progress app will emulate a contact card via NFC. The goal is to allow
+devices to scan the badge and receive contact information, a URL, or a vCard.
+
+### 9.3 UI Polish
+
+
diff --git a/docs/uml/switcher.png b/docs/uml/switcher.png
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+@startuml
+interface App
+
+[Switcher] --> [AppID]
+[Switcher] --> [App] : use
+
+package "Menu" {
+   [App] <-- [Menu]
+}
+
+package "Badge" {
+   [App] <-- [Badge]
+}
+
+package "Snake" {
+   [App] <-- [Game]
+}
+
+package "NFC" {
+   [App] <-- [NFC]
+}
+
+
+package "Channel" {
+   [ButtonReceiver] <-u- [Menu] : use
+   [ButtonReceiver] <-u- [Badge] : use
+   [ButtonReceiver] <-u- [Game] : use
+   [ButtonReceiver] <-u- [NFC] : use
+   [FrameSender] <-u- [Menu] : use
+   [FrameSender] <-u- [Badge] : use
+   [FrameSender] <-u- [Game] : use
+   [FrameSender] <-u- [NFC] : use
+}
+
+@enduml
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+@startuml
+skinparam componentStyle rectangle
+[Tasks] --> [Switcher]
+[Tasks] --> [Display]
+
+package "Button Listeners" {
+   [Tasks] --> [A Button Listener]
+   [Tasks] --> [B Button Listener]
+   [Tasks] --> [Start Button Listener]
+}
+
+@enduml
+